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- Cocoa (Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae)
- Dark Chocolate
- Whilte Chocolate
- Oxygen Demands of Exercise
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Date:
01-29-2016 | HC# 011631-537
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Re: Dark Chocolate Consumption Reduces Oxygen Demand in Moderate-intensity Exercise
Patel
RK, Brouner J, Spendiff O. Dark chocolate supplementation reduces the oxygen
cost of moderate intensity cycling. J Int
Soc Sports Nutr. December 2015;12:47. doi: 10.1186/s12970-015-0106-7.
Dark
chocolate (DC) is rich in cocoa (Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae) flavanols, which
reportedly increase the bioavailability and bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO).
Increased NO bioavailability is associated with reduced oxygen cost, enhanced
performance during submaximal exercise, and increased flow-mediated dilation in
healthy subjects and patients with hypertension. Past research has focused on
DC's beneficial effects on cardiovascular health; limited focus has been
directed toward its effects on exercise performance. These authors conducted a
randomized, crossover trial to examine whether consumption of DC, compared with
white chocolate (WC), improves the gas exchange threshold (GET), lowers oxygen
consumption during moderate-intensity cycling, and improves performance in a
time trial.
The
authors, from the School of Life Sciences at Kingston University in Kingston
upon Thames, United Kingdom, recruited 9 moderately trained males whose median
age was 21 ± 1 years, whose weight was 76.0 ± 9.3 kg (167.6 ± 20.5 lb), and
whose height was 177 ± 9.4 cm (69.7 ± 3.7 inches). Their maximal oxygen
consumption (VO2max) at baseline was 41.89 ± 5.4 ml/kg/min.
Baseline
tests were used to accustom the subjects to testing protocols and to establish
GET for the protocol. The subjects were then randomly assigned to either a
daily intake of DC, 40 g, in the form of DOVE® Dark Chocolate (Mars,
Incorporated; Hackettstown, New Jersey) made with 100% pure cocoa butter, or
WC, 50 g, in Milkybar® (Nestlé UK Ltd.; Gatwick, West Sussex, United
Kingdom), for 14 days. After a 7-day washout period, each subject then switched
to the alternative treatment. Matched for calorific content, the total energy
provided for the 2 supplements during the study was 12,887 kJ for DC and 12,945
kJ for WC.
At
baseline and at visits 2 and 3, each subject underwent assessment for VO2max,
blood pressure, oxygen cost, and lactate levels during a 20-minute cycle test
at 80% GET and during a 2-minute, all-out sprint performance. Heart rate and
pulmonary gas exchange were recorded throughout the 20-minute cycle session and
averaged to 5-minute intervals. Blood draws were conducted every 5 minutes to
determine lactate concentrations. The subjects were instructed to maintain
their normal diet and refrain from alcohol, vitamin supplements, and
anti-inflammatory products. They were asked not to consume milk 2 hours before
and after DC or WC intake. They were also given a list of prohibited foods high
in nitrate, with an appropriate low-nitrate replacement.
In
the 24 hours before the first exercise test at baseline, the subjects recorded
their dietary intake; they consumed the same diet during the 24 hours before the
subsequent testing sessions at visits 2 and 3. They were asked to avoid any
strenuous activity for 24 hours and to refrain from caffeine for 6 hours before
each testing session. During the 2-week washout period between interventions,
the subjects' diets were not restricted, except for abstaining from chocolate.
The
authors report that VO2max was 6% higher after DC consumption
compared with baseline (P=0.037). Although VO2max was greater after
DC consumption than after WC consumption, the difference was not statistically
significant. No significant difference was found following WC consumption
compared with baseline.
DC
consumption significantly increased the GET by 21% compared with baseline
(P=0.007) and by 11% compared with WC (P=0.05). Compared with baseline, the GET
was not significantly different following WC consumption.
Oxygen
consumption during the 20-minute moderate-intensity cycling did not differ
between the 2 interventions at any time point; however, at baseline and at
visits 2 and 3, oxygen consumption increased between 0 and 20 minutes
(P<0.001) with both interventions. Similar findings were reported for
respiratory exchange ratio and for heart rate. No statistically significant
changes were reported in systolic or diastolic blood pressure during the 3
measured time points. Lactate levels did not differ significantly at baseline
or after WC or DC consumption.
Results
from the 2-minute sprint revealed a greater total distance covered after DC
consumption (17%) compared with baseline (P=0.001), and a 13% increase in distance
covered compared with WC consumption (P=0.003). Total distance covered
following WC consumption compared with baseline was not significant. Although
the specific mechanisms underlying the increased GET and 2-minute maximal
sprint are not clear, the authors propose that the flavanols in DC are
responsible for the observed effects.
This
study's main finding was that the regular consumption of 40 g DC daily for 14
days improved GET and increased total distance covered during a 2-minute sprint
compared with both baseline and WC conditions.
DC
ingestion "may be an effective ergogenic aid for short-duration moderate
intensity exercise," the authors conclude. However, they also suggest further
double-blinded studies are needed to confirm this effect.
—Shari Henson
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